Chunks are the basic building blocks of Minecraft worlds. They are 16x16x16 blocks in size and are generated procedurally when a new world is created or when an existing world is expanded. Chunks can be seen by pressing the F3 key on your keyboard, which will open up the debug screen. The debug screen will show you a variety of information about the game, including the chunk coordinates of the block you are currently standing on.
Chunks are important because they determine which blocks are loaded into the game world. When you move around the world, the game will only load the chunks that are near you. This helps to improve performance and reduce lag. Chunks can also be used to create custom maps and mods.